Mapping philanthropic support of science.

While philanthropic support for science has increased in the past decade, there is limited quantitative knowledge about the patterns that characterize it and the mechanisms that drive its distribution. Here, we map philanthropic funding to universities and research institutions based on IRS tax forms from 685,397 non-profit organizations. We identify nearly one million grants supporting institutions involved in science and higher education, finding that in volume and scope, philanthropy is a significant source of funds, reaching an amount that rivals some of the key federal agencies like the NSF and NIH. Our analysis also reveals that philanthropic funders tend to focus locally, indicating that criteria beyond research excellence play an important role in funding decisions, and that funding relationships are stable, i.e. once a grant-giving relationship begins, it tends to continue in time. Finally, we show that the bipartite funder-recipient network displays a highly overrepresented motif indicating that funders who share one recipient also share other recipients and we show that this motif contains predictive power for future funding relationships. We discuss the policy implications of our findings on inequality in science, scientific progress, and the role of quantitative approaches to philanthropy.

The internal organizational performance influence factors study-an empirical test.

With the changes of social and economic development, more and more people pay attention to the development of non-profit organizations, and the performance research of non-profit organizations has become the focus of research. As the internal governance organization of non-profit organization, the board of directors and the management organization are related internal factors that will affect the organizational performance of non-profit organization. Based on the data of Form 990 of the US Internal Revenue Service, this paper conducted an empirical study on the relationship between internal governance and organizational performance of non-profit organizations, and studied the moderating effects of board size, average weekly working hours, number of managers, members' work involvement and compensation incentives on internal governance and organizational performance of non-profit organizations. The results show that the number of managers in non-profit organizations is negatively correlated with organizational performance, the average weekly working hours of managers are significantly correlated with organizational performance, and the compensation of managers is significantly correlated with organizational performance. Through the empirical demonstration, this study promotes the management and development practice of non-profit organizations, and lays a solid foundation for the construction of socialist harmonious society in China.

Alignment of substance use community benefit prioritization and service lines in US hospitals: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Non-profit hospitals in the U.S. are required by the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) to conduct a community health needs assessment (CHNA) every three years and to formulate an implementation strategy in response to those needs. Hospitals often identify substance use as a need relevant to their communities in their CHNAs and then must determine whether to create strategies to address such a need within their implementation strategies. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between a hospital's prioritization of substance use within its community benefit documents and its substance use service offerings, while considering other hospital and community characteristics. METHODS: This study of a national sample of U.S. hospitals utilizes data collected from publicly available CHNAs and implementation strategies produced by hospitals from 2018 to 2021. This cross-sectional study employs descriptive statistics and multivariable analysis to assess relationships between prioritization of substance use on hospital implementation strategies and the services offered by hospitals, with consideration of community and hospital characteristics. Hospital CHNA and strategy documents were collected and then coded to identify whether the substance use needs were prioritized by the hospital. The collected data were incorporated into a data set with secondary data sourced from the 2021 AHA Annual Survey. RESULTS: Multivariable analysis found a significant and positive relationship between the prioritization of substance use as a community need on a hospital's implementation strategy and the number of the services included in this analysis offered by the hospital. Significant and positive relationships were also identified for five service categories and for hospital size. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of service offerings is related both to a hospital's prioritization of substance use and to its size, indicating that these factors are likely inter-related regarding a hospital's sense of its ability to address substance use as a community need. Policymakers should consider why a hospital may not prioritize a need that is prevalent within their community; e.g., whether the organization believes it lacks resources to take such steps. This study also highlights the value of the assessment and implementation strategy process as a way for hospitals to engage with community needs.

Threatening Nonprofit Hospital Tax Exemption: A Better Path Forward.

This Viewpoint discusses regulation of nonprofit hospitals in a way that will advance their charitable purposes without eliminating their tax exemption status.

Introducing a Measure of Hospital Community Orientation.

Policymakers have long sought to encourage hospitals to assume a more collaborative role in improving community health. By urging hospitals to interact with community stakeholders, more integrative relationships may result that can better address local health issues. This study establishes a composite measure of hospital community orientation, defined as the extent to which a hospital uses community resources and knowledge in its community benefit (CB) work, based on an expansion of CB regulations that require nonprofit hospitals (NPHs) to develop strategies to address prioritized health issues. We collected data on each proposed intervention from 125 randomly selected NPHs over three reporting periods. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess how well a single-factor model approximated community orientation. We conclude that using hospital community orientation measurement is a useful metric to assess the effects of expanded CB regulations, as well as to determine how NPHs have interacted with communities over time.

Nonprofit behavior altered by monetary donations: evidence from the U.S. hospice industry.

This study investigates whether reliance on monetary donations alters nonprofit firms' behaviors. Specifically, in the hospice industry, a shorter patients' length of stay (LOS) speeds up overall patient turnover, allowing a hospice to serve more patients and expand its donation network. We measure hospices' donation reliance using the donation-revenue ratio, which indicates the importance of donations for revenue structure. By exploiting the supply shifter of donation, we adopt the number of donors as an instrument to control for the potential endogeneity issue. Our result suggests that a one-percentage-point increase in the donation-revenue ratio decreases patient LOS by 8%. Hospices that are more reliant on donations serve patients diagnosed with diseases that have shorter life expectancies to achieve a lower average LOS of all patients' stay. Overall, we find that monetary donations alter the behavior of nonprofit organizations.

Comparison between the for-profit human milk industry and nonprofit human milk banking: Time for regulation?

Human milk (HM) is a highly evolutionary selected, complex biofluid, which provides tailored nutrition, immune system support and developmental cues that are unique to each maternal-infant dyad. In the absence of maternal milk, the World Health Organisation recommends vulnerable infants should be fed with screened donor HM (DHM) from a HM bank (HMB) ideally embedded in local or regional lactation support services. However, demand for HM products has arisen from an increasing awareness of the developmental and health impacts of the early introduction of formula and a lack of prioritisation into government-funded and nonprofit milk banking and innovation. This survey of global nonprofit milk bank leaders aimed to outline the trends, commonalities and differences between nonprofit and for-profit HM banking, examine strategies regarding the marketing and placement of products to hospital and public customers and outline the key social, ethical and human rights concerns. The survey captured information from 59 milk bank leaders in 30 countries from every populated continent. In total, five companies are currently trading HM products with several early-stage private milk companies (PMCs). Products tended to be more expensive from PMC than HMB, milk providers were financially remunerated and lactation support for milk providers and recipients was not a core function of PMCs. Current regulatory frameworks for HM vary widely, with the majority of countries lacking any framework, and most others placing HM within food legislation, which does not include the support and care of milk donors and recipient prioritisation. Regulation as a Medical Product of Human Origin was only in place to prevent the sale of HM in four countries; export and import of HM was banned in two countries. This paper discusses the safety and ethical concerns raised by the commodification of HM and the opportunities policymakers have globally and country-level to limit the potential for exploitation and the undermining of breastfeeding.

Academic business research: Impact on academics versus impact on practice.

Business journalists and editors of academic business journals have lamented that academic research has little use for any nonacademic stakeholders, including companies, nonprofits, regulators, and governments. Although emotionally unsettling, these commentaries are bereft of evidence on how well a journal's academic impact (measured by impact factor) translates into practice impact. The authors provide this evidence. Specifically, they sample 56 journals, spanning 12 business disciplines, from 2000 to 2020. For each journal-year, they measure two- and five-year impact factor, which proxies the impact on academics. Next, for each article published in each journal-year, they collect attention score-a weighted sum of the number of times the article is cited in 19 types of practitioner outlets-from Altmetric. The authors then measure the correlation coefficient between the impact factor and attention score for each journal in periods of two-year and five-year. The coefficient indicates how well the journal's academic impact has translated into practice impact. Among the 12 disciplines, international business discipline tops the chart, while information systems, accounting, and finance occupy the bottom positions. American Economic Review leads the 56 journals, with Journal of Marketing Research and California Management Review as close followers. The findings highlight the impact of academic business research-or the lack thereof.

Upper Airway-Related Symptoms According to Mental Illness and Sleep Disorders among Workers Employed by a Large Non-Profit Organization in the Mountain West Region of the United States.

The relationships between selected upper airway-related symptoms (speech disturbances, voice disorders, cough, and breathing abnormalities) and mental illness and sleep disorders have been previously demonstrated. However, these relationships have not been compared in a single study with consideration of potential confounding variables. The current research incorporates a descriptive study design of medical claims data for employees (~21,362 per year 2017-2021) with corporate insurance to evaluate the strength of these relationships, adjusting for demographic variables and other important confounders. The upper airway-related symptoms are each significantly and positively associated with several mental illnesses and sleep disorders, after adjusting for demographic and other potential confounders. The rate of any mental illness is 138% (95% CI 93-195%) higher for speech disturbances, 55% (95% CI 28-88%) higher for voice disorders, 28% (95% CI 22-34%) higher for cough, and 58% (95% CI 50-66%) higher for breathing abnormalities, after adjustment for the confounding variables. Confounding had significant effects on the rate ratios involving cough and breathing abnormalities. The rate of any sleep disorder is 78% (95% CI 34-136%) higher for speech disturbances, 52% (95% CI 21-89%) higher for voice disorders, 34% (95% CI 27-41%) higher for cough, and 172% (95% CI 161-184%) higher for breathing abnormalities, after adjustment for the confounding variables. Confounding had significant effects on each of the upper airway-related symptoms. Rates of mental illness and sleep disorders are positively associated with the number of claims filed for each of the upper airway-related symptoms. The comorbid nature of these conditions should guide clinicians in providing more effective treatment plans that ultimately yield the best outcome for patients.

The Role of Nonprofit and Nongovernmental Organizations and People With Viral Hepatitis on the Path Toward Hepatitis C Virus Elimination.

Nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations have driven and continue to drive hepatitis C elimination by putting people with viral hepatitis and their affected communities at the center of hepatitis elimination efforts. They have been key in driving the decentralization of services and community-based delivery in the hepatitis care pathway to improve the health and well-being of the populations most affected by hepatitis C. This article explores how the formation of the World Hepatitis Alliance (WHA), an international network of community organizations in >100 countries, led to powerful advocacy from community leaders and people with hepatitis, resulting in the establishment of World Hepatitis Day. Since then, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized the importance of viral hepatitis by setting the 2030 global elimination targets. WHA and WHO have collaborated on 3 World Hepatitis Summits, which have built momentum across many sectors to help elevate hepatitis through the global health agenda. The article discusses their paradigm-shifting campaigns and also presents civil society organizations' hepatitis elimination efforts in Egypt, Mongolia, Bangladesh, and the United Kingdom and their significant impact through local resource mobilization and engagement of national governments.

Public welfare crowdfunding decision-making of environmental nonprofit organizations based on social responsibility.

Sustainable crowdfunding has emerged as a significant factor in the quest for alternative funding streams in recent times. The process has entailed the removal of financial obstacles and intermediaries, facilitating proximity between entrepreneurs' initiatives and fund providers, thereby initiating modifications in conventional investment and profitability criteria. The correlation between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainable business returns is a significant metric that may enhance funding costs. CSR initiatives and crowdfunding possess the potential for mutually beneficial outcomes in terms of fundraising. However, fundraisers encounter obstacles and competition in their efforts to attain their donation objectives. As an illustration, CSR endeavors may provide a chance to raise capital via crowdfunding. Conversely, crowdfunding has the potential to serve as a means of micro-funding various social initiatives that align with a corporation's corporate social responsibility objectives. The present research investigates the correlation between efficacious donation fundraising campaigns in the context of crowdfunding endeavors that hold the possibility of transforming into corporate social responsibility initiatives. The present study investigates the correlation between the initial amount of funds raised on the first day of a fundraising campaign and the target amount of funds sought by the fundraiser, as well as the type of activities involved. The present study utilizes data derived from crowdfunding endeavors in Southeast Asian nations to scrutinize the funds amassed through donations by juxtaposing trends, cultures, and characteristics of fundraisers employing donation-based crowdfunding. The present investigation employs data collected between the period spanning from the beginning of September 2021 to the end of September 2021 in the economies of Southeast Asia, including Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. The present investigation utilizes the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach for the estimation of the variables. The findings of the hypothesis indicate that there exists a positive correlation between crowdfunding, environmental nonprofit organizations, organizational profitability, and CSR.

Channeling and dampening: The role of political ties in information disclosure and concealment.

Non-profit organizations (NPOs) help the state achieve its social objectives. At the same time, they often depend on the private-sector actors for donations. The different beliefs of public- and private-sector actors regarding which practices are desirable for NPOs can affect the transparency of these organizations. We propose that political ties influence NPOs to comply with state-mandated disclosure requirements, while simultaneously dampening their willingness to voluntarily disclose sensitive information that may jeopardize their legitimacy in the eyes of private-sector stakeholders. The impact of political ties on disclosure is contingent upon two factors. First, market institutions moderate such effects because expectations of public- and private-sector actors may diverge more in freer markets than where the state has inordinate power. Second, financial dependence on the state amplifies both effects as dependence on the state exerts more pressure for compliance whilst making politically connected organizations appear even more questionable in the eyes of the private-sector stakeholders. Leveraging a policy shock that weakened political ties, we found that following the policy shock, charities in China reduced their compliance to state-mandated information disclosure, but increased their voluntary disclosure. The opposing roles of political ties in mandatory versus voluntary disclosure is further supported by a policy capturing study involving private donors in China. This study has important implications for research on political ties and information disclosure.

Availability of Evidence-Based Diabetes Programs in U.S. Children's Hospitals.

Diabetes affects Americans across the lifespan requiring individual and community-level interventions for prevention and management. Nonprofit hospitals are required to address community health needs under current tax law. The study objective was to assess what strategies children's hospitals implemented in prevention and care of diabetes and determine how many hospitals used evidence-based strategies. We identified the most recent Children's Hospital Needs Assessments and implementation strategies for each hospital. Data were thematically coded. Twenty-nine of the 233 U.S. children's hospitals addressed diabetes in their community benefit investments. Of the 130 hospital programs, 48 (37%) aligned with the DSMES framework. Programs focused on prevention (32%), healthy eating (18%), education (15%), physical activity (12%), quality improvement (11%), and self-management (5%). Most children's hospital interventions (85%) did not state a focus on reducing health disparities and none addressed problem solving or diabetes technology. Minimal hospitals are using evidence-based programming for diabetes management and are not targeting health disparities which undercuts their efforts. Hospitals are not adopting structural evidence-based approaches, missing key opportunities to implement strategies shown to reduce diabetes prevalence and lower A1c. This study suggests that children's hospitals need improvement in their diabetes programming to better serve their communities.

Evaluation of Community Benefit Activities Among Nonprofit Hospitals, 2018-2021.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined approaches that nonprofit hospitals use to evaluate community benefit activities in the Community Health Needs Assessment/Implementation Plan (CHNA/IP) process. DESIGN: Content analysis of CHNAs/IPs completed between 2018 and 2021 from a 20% stratified random sample (n = 503) of US nonprofit hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A coding sheet was used to record details about the evaluation content reported by hospitals in their CHNAs/IPs. Evaluation was coded into 4 categories: (1) no mention of evaluation; (2) description of evaluation without reporting any measures; (3) reporting reach (number of people served) only; and (4) reporting social/health outcomes. For logistic regression analyses, categories 1 and 2 were grouped together into "no evaluation measures" and categories 3 and 4 were grouped into "evaluation measures" for binary comparison. Multinomial logistic regression was also used to individually examine categories 3 and 4 compared with no evaluation measures. RESULTS: While a majority of nonprofit hospitals (71.4%, n = 359) mentioned evaluation in their CHNAs, almost half (49.7%, n = 250) did not report any evaluation measures. Among the 50.3% (n = 253) of hospitals that reported evaluation measures, 67.2% (n = 170) only reported reach. Fewer than 1 in 5 hospitals (16.5%, n = 83) reported social/health outcomes. Hospitals that hired a consultant (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-2.43) and system members (AOR = 1.76; 95% CI, 1.12-2.75) had higher odds of reporting evaluation measures. Using hospitals that reported no measures as the base category, system members (AOR = 7.71; 95% CI, 2.97-20.00) also had significantly higher odds of reporting social/health outcomes, while rural locations had lower odds (AOR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.20-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Although hospitals are required to evaluate the impact of actions taken to address the health needs identified in their CHNAs, few hospitals are reporting social/health outcomes of such activities. This represents a missed opportunity, as health/social outcomes could be used to inform the allocation of resources to maximize community benefits and the expansion of successful community initiatives.

Identification of a partnership model between a university, for-profit, and not-for-profit organization to address health professions education and health inequality gaps through simulation-based education: A scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare providers in rural and remote (R&R) areas of Canada do not have the same access to skills development and maintenance opportunities as those in urban areas. Simulation-based education (SBE) is an optimal technique to allow healthcare providers to develop and maintain skills. However, SBE is currently limited mainly to universities or hospital-based research laboratories in urban areas. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify a model, or components of a model, that outline how a university research laboratory can collaborate with a for profit and not-for-profit organization to facilitate the diffusion of SBE into R&R healthcare provider training. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This scoping review will be guided by the methodological framework introduced by Arksey and O'Malley in 2005 and the Methodology for Joanna Briggs Institute Scoping Reviews. Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL will be searched for relevant articles published between 2000 and 2022, in addition to grey literature databases and manual reference list searches. Articles describing a partnership model or framework between academic institutions and non-profit organizations with a simulation or technology component will be included. Titles and abstracts will be screened, followed by a full-text screening of articles. Two reviewers will participate in the screening and data extraction process for quality assurance. Data will be extracted, charted, and summarized descriptively to report key findings on potential partnership models. CONCLUSION: This scoping review will provide an understanding on the extent of existing literature regarding the diffusion of simulators for healthcare provider training through a multi-institutional partnership. This scoping review will benefit R&R parts of Canada by identifying gaps in knowledge and determining a process to deliver simulators to train healthcare providers. Findings from this scoping review will be submitted for publication in a scientific journal.